Issue 102 - November 2023

Diving Sector Could Hold The Key to Advancing UN Sustainable Development Goals

By Brittany Hook

Scripps Oceanography-led paper pinpoints how the diving community can play a critical role in global marine conservation and sustainability

A scuba diver swims amid a school of fish — © Octavio Aburto.

A new review paper by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego highlights the untapped potential of the diving community in advancing global marine conservation efforts.

Led by researchers in the Aburto Lab at Scripps Oceanography, the review emphasizes that the diving sector — which includes tourism, scientific research, and instruction — is uniquely poised to promote a sustainable and equitable ocean economy, also known as the “blue economy.” It also highlights the sector’s potential to further the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, or SDGs, which are a universal call to action to promote prosperity while protecting the planet.

“Whether they are scuba divers, freedivers, or snorkelers, we think the diving community and broader diving industry hold tremendous potential to make a meaningful impact in conservation and sustainability,” said lead author Matthew Forrest, an alumnus of Scripps Oceanography’s Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation. “Our goal with this review is to provide a framework for local-level stakeholders to promote wider engagement by the diving sector, thus advancing UN Sustainable Development Goals and the blue economy.”

The diving sector is a multi-billion dollar industry that plays a pivotal role in the blue economies of many countries and developing island states. However, the authors note, its full potential remains largely underutilized due to a lack of organization and community cohesion. The review, published in the journal Frontiers in Marine Science in September 2023, presents a blueprint for uniting and organizing the international diving community, positioning it as a catalyst for local conservation efforts and sustainable development.

The authors identified five key actions, with a focus on advancing UN Goal 14 (SDG 14), “Life Below Water,” which calls for the conservation and sustainable use of marine resources by 2030. Their recommendations are:

Organize the fragmented sector via international associations and federations;
Recognize usage rights for natural capital equal to extractive activities;
Modernize the sector using technology to improve connectivity and data sharing;
Invest in the sector by engaging private and public funding and subsidizing critical infrastructure to enable equitable access;
Foster a sense of community by training and supporting local leaders, thereby ensuring more equitable participation by including Indigenous people, women, and youth.

The review paper identifies five actions to mobilize the diving sector for a sustainable blue economy and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), focusing on SDG 14. These photos by Octavio Aburto illustrate: (A) Local communities benefit from recognized usage rights, boosting dive tourism. (B) The sector should promote inclusivity, especially among Indigenous people, women, and youth. (C) Investment from NGOs, governments, and private sources is needed for better infrastructure. (D) Communities should protect large marine species to attract tourism. (E) Organized local efforts can improve reef health. (F) Modernizing the sector can attract more engagement in “Life Below Water.”

To bridge divisions among various diving entities and organizations, the authors advocate for diving operators to build national and international partnerships in tandem with local governments, ensuring proper representation in the political and policy arenas. Incorporating Indigenous knowledge is another critical step to empower local communities in conservation efforts, and to avoid what is known as “diving colonialism,” where foreign investors dominate the scuba industry in developing nations, often to the detriment of local interests.

Zahidah (Zaidy) Nisa, a review co-author and research affiliate at the Scripps Center for Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation, underscored the importance of inclusion in the diving sector. She highlighted the need for diving education and training that incorporates Indigenous knowledge and aligns with blue economy and ocean policy plans.

“Indigenous communities have a profound understanding of and connection to their marine environment, making them natural stewards of resource management and its sustainable use,” said Nisa, an ocean steward from Fiji with experience teaching scuba diving in regions around the globe.

In Fiji, where Indigenous communities own their marine resources, they serve as the “first line of negotiators for blue jobs,” said Nisa. She noted that inclusivity in the diving sector could help break down barriers in wealth inequality and income inequality while promoting financial inclusion in blue economy jobs.

The authors also noted the need for diverse leadership within the diving sector, stressing the importance of training and engaging women and youth to achieve conservation success. They believe that by fostering inclusivity, a sense of culture can be instilled within the diving community, similar to what has been achieved by societies like fishers, birders, and surfers.

Further improvements to the sector involve increased investments in ocean conservation, targeted subsidies for local communities, and the adoption of modern technology for greater engagement in citizen science initiatives.

INSIGHT GAINED FROM PREVIOUS RESEARCH

The review builds upon the pioneering research of Scripps marine ecologist Octavio Aburto-Oropeza, a co-author of the new paper. His work in Cabo Pulmo National Park, México, illustrates the diving sector’s impact on local communities and marine conservation. After the local community rallied to protect their coral reefs, the area gained National Marine Park status in 1995. Since then, fish biomass within the marine park has surged by over 460%, establishing Cabo Pulmo as a globally recognized ecotourism hub. As of 2017, it had generated an estimated $3.73 million in local benefits.

Further research from the Aburto Lab indicates that Mexico’s diving industry generates $455 to $725 million annually, which is comparable to the returns derived from the country’s fisheries. Additionally, a recent study by Fabio Favoretto, a Scripps marine ecologist and co-author of the review, found that Mexico’s Revillagigedo National Park — the largest fully protected Marine Protected Area (MPA) in North America — had no negative effects on the behaviour and productivity of the Mexican industrial fishing fleet. These findings add to the growing evidence that well-designed MPAs can benefit marine ecosystems and the fisheries they support.

These insights have led to calls for global partnerships among the diving sector, local communities, and governments to sustainably manage marine resources. The authors anticipate that sustainable diving tourism, or ecotourism, and improvements to the sector offer an underexplored solution to address these pressing needs. In the face of global threats like climate change, pollution, and overfishing, there is a growing need for collective efforts to achieve SDG 14 and other conservation initiatives.

“By covering the needs of the diving industry in developing nations, our review highlights the urgent need for systemic changes and actions to modernize the diving workforce across all sectors in order to meet the globally agreed mandate to save the oceans,” said Nisa.

Work on the review manuscript was funded by grants to Aburto-Oropeza from National Geographic Pristine Seas and Oceans 5. Aburto-Oropeza also captured images under National Geographic grant #NGS-53092S-18.

This article was originally published by Scripps Institution of Oceanography HERE!

About Scripps Oceanography

Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego is one of the world’s most important centers for global earth science research and education. In its second century of discovery, Scripps scientists work to understand and protect the planet, and investigate our oceans, Earth, and atmosphere to find solutions to our greatest environmental challenges. Scripps offers unparalleled education and training for the next generation of scientific and environmental leaders through its undergraduate, master’s and doctoral programs. The institution also operates a fleet of four oceanographic research vessels, and is home to Birch Aquarium at Scripps, the public exploration center that welcomes 500,000 visitors each year.

About UC San Diego

At the University of California San Diego, we embrace a culture of exploration and experimentation. Established in 1960, UC San Diego has been shaped by exceptional scholars who aren’t afraid to look deeper, challenge expectations and redefine conventional wisdom. As one of the top 15 research universities in the world, we are driving innovation and change to advance society, propel economic growth and make our world a better place. Learn more at ucsd.edu.

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Issue 102 - November 2023

SEVENSEAS Travel Magazine – November 2023 – Issue 102

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Dive into Palau’s Underwater Paradise: A Snorkeler’s Dream Journey

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Sustainable Tourism on the Rise: Helsinki Makes Major Strides in Global Rankings

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SEVENSEAS Beach Cleanup & Coral Restoration Events in Marine Protected Areas

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In July 2023, SEVENSEAS Media conducted two impactful events in Krabi, Thailand. The Monthly Beach Cleanup Event at Ao Sew Beach saw enthusiastic volunteers remove a staggering 150.6 kilograms of trash, underscoring the pressing issue of marine pollution and the significance of sustainable practices like reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. The organization stressed the importance of proper waste management to protect coastal ecosystems.

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You can either make a direct financial contribution to SEVENSEAS Media through The Ocean Foundation website or connect us with potential donors by sending an email to Giacomo Abrusci, our Editor-in-Chief.

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Since 2004, SEVENSEAS Media has fostered an informal and non-partisan platform to promote understanding of key issues and challenges while building partnerships across an increasingly diverse group of marine conservation professionals and students.

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If you are interested in contributing or getting involved, email us Here.

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Feature Destination

Feature Destination: Discovering Palau, A Sustainable Paradise in the Pacific

Tucked away in the heart of the Pacific, Palau is like a secret treasure for explorers craving untouched beauty with a dash of sustainability. Picture this: over 500 islands, each telling a tale of nature’s splendour coexisting with mindful tourism. Let’s explore through the wonders of Palau, figuring out the journey, unravelling its delights, and ensuring our visit leaves a legacy of preservation and respect.

Getting There: Reaching Palau requires a bit of planning, as it is located in a remote part of the Pacific. The Roman Tmetuchl International Airport, situated in Airai on Babeldaob Island, serves as the main gateway to Palau. Major airlines such as United Airlines, Asiana Airlines, and China Airlines offer flights to Palau, with connections to Guam, Seoul, or Taipei. Once you arrive in Palau, transportation options include taxis, rental cars, or organized tours to help you navigate the islands.

Accommodation: Palau offers a variety of accommodation options catering to different preferences and budgets. From eco-lodges and boutique resorts to liveaboard diving boats, visitors can choose a setting that aligns with their values and interests. Many establishments are actively involved in conservation efforts, ensuring that your stay contributes to the local economy and environmental protection.

Diving and Marine Exploration: Diving is undoubtedly one of Palau’s main attractions, drawing subaquatic junkies from around the globe to experience its underwater wonders. The country has designated 80% of its maritime territory as a protected sanctuary, showcasing its commitment to marine conservation.

Blue Corner: This world-renowned dive site is celebrated for its strong currents, bringing in pelagic species such as grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos), barracudas, and eagle rays. Divers can hook onto the reef, witnessing a spectacular show as schools of fish swirl around, creating a mesmerizing underwater ballet.
German Channel: Famous for its cleaning stations, where manta rays (Manta alfredi) come to get groomed by cleaner wrasses, this site offers an intimate encounter with these gentle giants. The clear waters and rich biodiversity make it a favorite among photographers and marine biologists alike.
Jellyfish Lake: Though not a dive site, this marine lake is a must-visit for snorkelers. Home to millions of stingless jellyfish, visitors can swim alongside these ethereal creatures, experiencing a once-in-a-lifetime interaction.

Outdoor Activities: Palau’s lush landscapes and pristine waters provide ample opportunities for outdoor adventures.

Kayaking: Explore the Rock Islands by kayak, navigating through hidden lagoons and mangrove channels. This low-impact activity allows you to immerse yourself in the natural beauty of Palau, spotting wildlife such as the Palau fruit bat (Pteropus pelewensis) and various bird species.
Bird Watching: Palau is home to several endemic bird species, including the Palau Owl (Pyrroglaux podargina) and the Palau Fantail (Rhipidura lepida). Join a guided bird-watching tour to learn about these unique species and contribute to conservation efforts.
Hiking: Discover Palau’s terrestrial biodiversity by trekking through its lush forests. The Ngardmau Waterfall trail offers a scenic hike, culminating in a refreshing swim at the base of Palau’s tallest waterfall.

Sustainable Practices: Palau has positioned itself as a leader in sustainable tourism, implementing practices and policies that prioritize environmental protection.

The Palau Pledge: Visitors are required to sign the Palau Pledge upon arrival, committing to act responsibly and respect the environment during their stay. This groundbreaking initiative reflects Palau’s dedication to preserving its natural heritage for future generations.
Supporting Local Communities: Engage with Palau’s vibrant culture by participating in community-based tourism initiatives. Attend a traditional dance performance, visit a local farm, or learn about traditional navigation techniques, ensuring that your visit has a positive impact on the local population.
Plastic-Free Palau: The country has taken significant strides in reducing plastic waste, banning single-use plastics and promoting reusable alternatives. Support these efforts by bringing a reusable water bottle, shopping bag, and other sustainable essentials.

Conservation Efforts: Palau’s conservation initiatives extend beyond its marine environments, encompassing terrestrial ecosystems and wildlife protection.

Protected Areas Network (PAN): The PAN is a network of marine and terrestrial protected areas, ensuring the conservation of Palau’s unique biodiversity. Visitors can contribute to these efforts by paying entry fees and adhering to guidelines that safeguard these fragile ecosystems.
Endangered Species Protection: Palau is home to several endangered species, including the Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and the Dugong (Dugong dugon). Support conservation initiatives by respecting wildlife, maintaining a safe distance, and reporting any illegal activities.

Palau’s commitment to sustainability and conservation sets it apart as a travel destination, offering visitors a unique opportunity to explore an unspoiled paradise while contributing to the preservation of its natural and cultural heritage. By embracing responsible tourism practices, engaging with local communities, and supporting conservation initiatives, travellers can play a vital role in ensuring that Palau remains a spotless paradise. Experience the unparalleled beauty of Palau, while ensuring that your journey leaves a positive imprint on this idyllic archipelago. From its crystal-clear waters teeming with marine life to its lush terrestrial landscapes, Palau invites you to explore, learn, and contribute to a legacy of preservation and sustainable tourism. Whether you’re diving in the azure depths, kayaking through serene lagoons, or learning about the rich cultural traditions of the Palauan people, your experiences will be enriched by the knowledge that you are part of a global community working to protect this incredible destination.

As you explore the azure waters, walk the untouched forest trails, or engage with the age-old traditions of the Palauan people, remember that you are part of a global community that values sustainability, respect, and shared responsibility. Your journey in Palau is not just about discovering a new destination but about becoming an ambassador for a sustainable future.

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Issue 102 - November 2023

Feature Destination: Conserving Paradise, Palau’s Marine Protected Areas

In the heart of the Western Pacific, the archipelago of Palau stands as a testament to the extraordinary biodiversity of marine life, housing over 500 islands, more than 1,300 species of fish, and 700 species of coral. Positioned within the Coral Triangle, renowned for its unparalleled coral diversity, Palau’s waters play host to a plethora of iconic species, including the Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus), the bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), and an array of sharks and rays. The country’s pioneering efforts in marine conservation have positioned it at the forefront of global marine protected areas (MPAs) initiatives, reflecting a deep-rooted commitment to preserving its aquatic ecosystems.

Palau’s journey toward marine conservation has been characterized by a proactivity that saw the establishment of its first no-take zone in the Ngardok Nature Reserve in the 1990s. This marked the beginning of a widespread movement to expand the network of MPAs across the nation, culminating in the designation of approximately 80% of its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) as a marine sanctuary by 2023, a significant portion of which is fully protected no-take zones. These conservation efforts are underscored by a commitment to scientific research, with the design and management of Palau’s MPAs being meticulously guided by ecological principles.

The scientific foundation of Palau’s MPAs is robust, ensuring that they fulfill their intended purposes of preserving biodiversity, restoring fish stocks, and bolstering the resilience of marine ecosystems. The country has engaged in collaborations with a range of international and local scientific institutions, undertaking extensive marine biological surveys, habitat mapping, and monitoring programs. This scientific rigor is imperative, as Palau’s marine ecosystems are confronted with a barrage of threats, including illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, climate change, and land-based pollution.

Climate change, in particular, presents a formidable challenge, manifesting in coral bleaching, ocean acidification, and rising sea levels, all of which threaten the delicate balance of marine life. Despite these challenges, Palau’s unwavering commitment to marine conservation has borne fruit, with the establishment of no-take zones leading to a remarkable resurgence of fish populations. Studies indicate a substantial increase in biomass and abundance of key species within protected areas, corroborating the efficacy of Palau’s conservation strategies.

The spillover effect, wherein fish from protected areas migrate to adjacent fishing grounds, has augmented local fisheries, delivering tangible economic benefits to local communities. This success is intertwined with Palau’s rich tradition of conservation, with the country’s efforts being significantly influenced by traditional knowledge and practices. The “bul,” a customary Palauan practice of instituting temporary fishing bans to replenish marine life, has been seamlessly integrated into contemporary conservation strategies, fostering a unique conservation ethos.

As Palau sets its sights on the future, it remains steadfast in its dedication to marine conservation, exploring innovative strategies and fortifying the enforcement of MPA regulations. The country is equally committed to enhancing the resilience of its marine ecosystems to climate change, acknowledging the indispensable role of healthy marine environments in mitigating the impacts of global warming. Through an unwavering commitment, rigorous scientific research, and adaptive management, Palau’s MPAs are poised to continue their trajectory of success, preserving the archipelago’s marine wonders for future generations and serving as an exemplary model for global marine conservation efforts.